CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

CHAPTER 2

Review

Q1: define the followings:

• periosteum : external membrane covered the body's bone which contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish the bone

• Fontanelle: are spaces in the child's skull located between the bones of the head and covered with a fibrous cartilaginous tissue.

• Joint: The meeting points of the bones in the body a joint is the connection between two bones

• True ribs : the first seven pairs of ribs are directly connected with sternum, at the front side by small cartilaginous pieces

• Sternum : is a long level structure which consists of three cohesive bones and it is found in the front of the chest Its lower end is pointed. From the sides, the true ribs are joined to the sternum by cartilaginous pieces

• Cartilages: white colored ,transparent and strong structures They can bend without breaking They cover the beads of bones

• Ligaments: They are strong fibrous bands which connect bones one another They are flexible .Thus, they allow the bones to move and at the same time they protect the joints from dis-articulation

• Dentine : It is the main material from which the teeth are composed, and it is a very solid material because it contains calcic materials.

• Fracture : is the division of bone into two parts or more. It happens as a result of a sudden contraction of the muscles or expose of the bone to a strong external shock

  
  

• Haversian canal : star- like bone cells called osteocytes are arranged in the form of circles around a central canal this canal discovered by Clapton havers

Q2 : write the cause of the following :

1. Presence of cartilaginous discs between the vertebrae column.

   
   

   Answer: These cartilaginous disc enables the vertebral column to bend different sides ,

   facilitate the movement of vertebrae and prevent the friction of vertebrae.

   
   

2. Presence of the cartilaginous pieces at the front side of the real ribs.

   
   

   Answer :They are important in the process of respiration since they facilitate the movement of the thoracic cage.

3. The lower limbs are longer than the upper limbs

   
   

   Answer: It helps human in walking in a comfortable way , jumping and running easily.

4. Dentine is a very solid substance in the structure of teeth.

Answer: It contains calcic materials.

Q3: Draw the following:

1. Longitudinal section of long bone: page 15 figure 2.3

   
   

2. Longitudinal section of a tooth: page 17 figure 2.5

   
   

3. Typical vertebrae: page 18 figure 2.6

Q4:answer the followings:

a- What are the major parts of the skeletal system?

Skeletal system consist of :

1. Axial skeleton : Consists of

   
   

   1. skull : which consist of

      
      

      1. cranial bones 2. facial bones 3. tiny bones of middle ear

         
         

   2. vertebral column which consist of :

      
      

      • cervical region o thoracic region o lumbar region o sacral region

      • coccygeal region

        
        

   3. Thoracic cage which consist of :

      
      

      • ribs 2

        
        

      • sternum

      
      

2. Appendicular Skeleton: Consists of

1. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs which consist of :

   
   

   • Pectoral Girdle including:

     
     

     Scapula Clavicle

   • Upper Limbs which consist of :

     
     

     • humerus

       
       

     • forearm

       
       

     • hand

     
     

2. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs which consist of :

   
   

   • Pelvic Girdle: including:

• ilium

  
  

• ischium

  
  

• pubis

  
  

  Lower limbs including:

  
  

• femur

  
  

• leg

  
  

• foot

1. Numerate the regions of the vertebral column.

   
   

   1. cervical region 7 vertebrae 2.thoracic region 12 vertebrae

   3. lumbar region 5 vertebrae 4.sacral region 5 vertebrae

   5. coccygeal region 4 vertebrae

2. What are the parts of the thoracic cage?

   
   

   ribs & sternum

   
   

3. What are the components of the upper limbs?

   
   

   humerus , forearm and hand

   
   

4. What are the components of the lower limbs ?

   
   

   femur , leg and foot

   
   

5. What are the specialties of the skeleton in human?

   
   

   • 1 - Works as a rigid support

     
     

   • 2- Gives the shape of body and straightness of body

     
     

   • 3- Protect the significant organs from external effects

     
     

   • 4- Balance and harmony of the movements by connected with muscles

     
     

6. What are the causes of fracture?

   
   

   • a result of the sudden contraction

   • bone is exposed to external shock

   • 3 - bullet hits it.

   • when the bone decay become of a disease like bone tuberculosis cancer .

7. Explain the chemical structure of bone.

bones consists of two major kinds of material:

1. Organic materials 2. Inorganic materials.

The percentage of organic materials is 35% . These organic materials are a- colloidal proteins known as collagen .

1. ucous- like substance called as mucole . Mucole resembles the albumin and it's important for bone flexibility.

   The percentage of inorganic materials is 65% like

   
   

   a- phosphate, b- carbonate , c- calcium florid. d- manganese(ط¯ï¯¾ï»›ï؛ژï؛— ï»°ï»ںط§ ï؛”ï؛ںï؛ژï؛£ï؛‘) phosphate e- sodium chloride ( table salt) .

   Q.5- Complete the following sentences:

   1. The vertebral column consists of vertebrae; each one is composed of a wide part called Centrum

   2. The forearm consists of two bones ulna and radius the leg consists of tibia and

      fibula .

   3. The Joints present in the skull are immovable joints

   4. Thoracic region consists of 12 vertebrates

   5. Each finger is composed of three phalanges except the thumb which consists of

      two phalanges

   6. The skeleton consists of Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

   7. The pectoral girdle consists of two bones, they are Scapula and clavicle

   8. The tooth is made up of three regions. They are Crown , neck and root

Q6: write the location of the followings:

organ	location
Patella	in front of the knee joint
Scapula	is located in the back side of body and outside the ribs
Haversian canal	in compact bone (osteocytes are arranged in the form of circles abounded a central canal called as Haversian canal)
Sacrum	sacral region of vertebral column

Q7: give an example for each the following:

1 Immovable joint :cranial and facial bones exception of mandible are immovable 2 Ball and socket joint : the shoulder and hip

3 A bone disease : Rickets